Friday 31 January 2014

NURSING ADMINISTRATION USING FOCUS AND PDCA CYCLES

NURSING ADMINISTRATION USING FOCUS AND PDCA CYCLES IN A SCENARIO PROVIDED

Introduction: Psychiatric emergencies in medical settings may be particularly challenging since the staff does not encounter them frequently and may not have experience dealing with behavioral crisis intervention.
The purpose of this exercise is to help staff improve understanding and coping with nonmedical emergencies that occur in medical settings using the PDCA cycle.
 Mr. X is a 41-year-old male admitted to a medical unit with a diagnosis of possible stroke.
The patient is ambulatory, 5’10’’, and 350 lbs. Mr. X presented to the emergency department the day before after apparently losing consciousness at home. The initial CAT scan of his head was negative. It is suspected that Mr. X may be an IV drug user since his urine toxicology screening came back positive for opiates. The medical staff thinks that Mr. X had a seizure prior to admission, but he has shown no abnormal signs or symptoms within the last 24 hours. Mr. X was moved to an acute care unit where he sits in bed wearing only a pair of ill-fitting boxer shorts and no shirt. He is able to communicate without any signs of aphasia. The medical staff is still not sure what is wrong with Mr. X. As the nurse administrator of the day, you hear a Rapid Response called overhead for this patient. As you enter the room, you see Mr. X screaming and on all fours in his bed. He is saying “Help, help” and “I don’t know” repeatedly. Respiratory staff, physicians, physician’s assistants, an ICU nurse, and unit staff are all standing there watching Mr. X scream for help.
They all seem paralyzed. Finally, one of the staff nurses asks Mr. X to turn over so that respiratory staff can administer oxygen via a facial mask.
He complies and at that time the ICU nurse hooks him up to the cardiac monitor as per protocol in a Rapid Response.


Mr. X remains quiet and still for about 60 seconds and then proceeds to rip off the oxygen mask and the EKG leads attached to his chest.
He climbs over the side rails and stands there in a daze, saying “I don’t know, I don’t know.”
The staff reacts negatively to Mr. X’s behavior in front of him. The respiratory therapist says, “If you think I’m going in to get an ABG from him, you’re crazy.” Speaking to Mr. X, the ICU nurse repeats over and over in a stern impatient voice, “What don’t you know?” Mr. X seems overwhelmed and can’t answer. The physician looks through the chart and asks the nurses questions about the patient. The other nurses stand there staring at Mr. X. The ICU nurse leaves a few minutes later stating that the patient’s EKG is normal. All at once, Mr. X bolts from the room towards the elevator, which has just opened, and gets on. One of the nurses calls a security code, but it is too late; Mr. X has disappeared. The county police are called and hours later they find Mr. X at his nearby home. They try to encourage him to return to the hospital, but since he has not been deemed a danger to himself or others, they have no choice but to leave him alone. The next morning Mr. X returns to the Emergency Department with “severe chest discomfort and a headache” and is admitted back to the same unit. When the staff see him, they are apprehensive and somewhat angry that he is back. After about three hours on the unit, Mr. X starts yelling that his stomach is hurting. His nurse calls the physician about his symptoms but she and the rest of the staff avoid extended contact with him because of what happened the day before. Task: Write an essay (suggested length of 5–10 pages) in which you develop a plan to help this staff become proficient in handling behavioral emergencies on a non-psychiatric unit by doing the following: A. Analyze the situation using the FOCUS and PDCA models by doing the following: 1. Use the FOCUS model to identify possible causes of the staff’s problem.
a. Find a Process to Improve (What needs to be improved based on the incident in the scenario?)
b. Organize a Team That Knows the Process (Who is the leader, the facilitator, the recorder, the time keeper, team member? Do you need all these people? Do you need others?)
c. Clarify Current Knowledge of the Process (What is being done now that might have added to or allowed the incident?)


d. Understand Causes of Process Variation (Use cause-effect diagrams, concept maps or other diagrams to show how you would understand the cause)
e. Select the Process Improvement (What would you do to improve the situation so that you decrease the risk of it occurring again?)
2. Develop an improvement plan that will ensure appropriate response times and appropriate clinical interventions in this situation, using a modified version of the PDCA model (PDC).
a. Plan (develop a plan to address the situation and possible risk in the future)
b. Do (You are not expected to actually do the plan but tell how it would be done)
c. Check (How would you check if the plan worked?)
d. Act (Note: Act has been omitted in the modified version since you are not expected to carry out this plan so you cannot periodically review the change to ensure that it is successful.
B. Write a unit protocol containing at least five directives for staff to follow in case of a behavioral emergency in a non-psychiatric setting.

C. When you use sources, include all in-text citations and references in APA format. Note: For definitions of terms commonly used in the rubric, see the attached Rubric Terms. Note: When using sources to support ideas and elements in a paper or project, the submission MUST include APA formatted in-text citations with a corresponding reference list for any direct quotes or paraphrasing. It is not necessary to list sources that were consulted if they have not been quoted or paraphrased in the text of the paper or project. Note: No more than a combined total of 30% of a submission can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. For tips on using APA style, please refer to the APA Handout web link included in the General Instructions section. The school does use turnitin to check for plagarism across the US in term papers so must be original and cited appropriately.

Tuesday 28 January 2014

Understanding the Needs of African American Children and Adolescents


This Assignment will require you to review a case study and design an intervention in order to demonstrate cross-cultural competence. Please read or view the following case study and answer the questions that follow.

Case Study

View the case study.

You are a school psychologist at an elementary school, and Mrs. Moran came to see you today for a consultation, because she is concerned about a student in her class. Tyrel is a six-year-old African American boy in her first-grade class. She has concerns about Tyrel's academic achievement and his social interactions. He is having trouble with his reading assignments. In addition to that, he is sometimes withdrawn and at other times he is aggressive, lashing out for no apparent reason. She has tried to talk to Tyrel, but he just seems very upset when she asks is what is happening at home. When she attempted to arrange times for a parent-teacher conference, she asked Tyrel if she had passed the notes along to his parents.

Tyrel told his teacher that his father could not miss work to come in for a conference or he would be fired. Mrs. Moran called Tyrel's home and spoke with the boy's mother. She confirmed that her husband was not able to attend a meeting during the day and stated that she has three young children at home and could not afford to pay someone to watch them while she attends a conference. Tyrel's mom confided that they were being evicted and would be moving to the homeless shelter, so she was not sure if Tyrel would be in school for a few weeks. Tyrel later told Mrs. Moran that his parents did not respond to the teacher's notes because they were embarrassed about the eviction and that his mother could not read.

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1.What considerations along with the family's socioeconomic status, should Mrs. Moran be thinking about in order to help Tyrel, and why are they important?
2.In what ways might Tyrel's family's socioeconomic status and other influences from his home environment affect his academic achievements and cognitive development? Discuss the achievement gap and how it can affect Tyrel.
3.In what ways might these influences affect his social development?
4.Design 3 strategies that Mrs. Moran could use to work with Tyrel's parents and explain why you think these will work. What could be the downside of these strategies?

The text and the assigned articles are the primary sources for this project. Remember to review the reading in past units for this project as well as the readings in Unit 3. Additionally, you should use two other research articles from peer-reviewed journals that you found in the Kaplan Library. This project should be between 900 and 1,200 words, not including the title page and the reference page. The project should be written in essay form. You are required to give credit to the sources you use, and use proper APA formatting. Refer to the APA Quick Reference for help with APA, the Kaplan Writing Center or your instructor. Remember that all work must be your own and plagiarism is not tolerated. Be sure to review the plagiarism policy in your Syllabus.

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Monday 27 January 2014

Purchasing and Contracting for Projects

Fall-2013
Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 4
SC0008–Purchasing and Contracting for Projects-4 Credits
(Book ID: B1663)
Assignment (60 Marks)


Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.
Q1. What are the factors influencing contracting strategies?
Answer. Contracts are the fundament of the project management. They are used to procure people, materials and services. Main components in the contractor selection process will be outlined in this chapter. This processes are influenced by many factors such as the nature of the parties included, project type, and the risk allocation between the parties. The project is always about achieving a result. The main problem of this that client usually cannot or doesn’t wish to provide all necessary resources to complete the project from the internal sources.

Q2. Write a brief note on fixed price and reimbursable contracts and differentiate between them.
Answer. Fixed price and cost reimbursement are two approaches to creating contracts for service work. With the fixed price method, the contract and hiring party agree to a fixed price at the start of the project that doesn't change. With cost reimbursement, the contract allows for recovery of costs for materials and supplies that were purchased for the project, as outlined in the terms of the agreement.
1. Cost-reimbursement agreements/contract is typically a more detailed arrangement that sets up acceptable materials costs the provider


Q3. “Appropriate usage of words is very essential in communicating our requirements to the supplier or the contractor”. Justify.
Answer. With the competition for work becoming more and more noticeable we take a closer look at what to expect from a contractor or supplier that you will use. Your clients will expect good value for money and at the same time high levels of communication, workmanship and management.

Q4. What can a project manager do to control money flow?
Answer. Managing projects is difficult under the best circumstances. The project manager must balance competing stakeholder interests against the constraints of limited resources and time, ever-changing technologies, and unachievable demands from unreasonable people. Project management is people management, technology management, business management, risk management, and expectation

Q5. Explain any five steps required to evaluate tenders.
Answer. The purpose of an evaluation process in sourcing is to identify which bid offers the best value for money i.e. the most economically advantageous tender or proposal. The criteria that are specified in the invitation to tender document are the basis for the buying decision.
1. Preparation before issuing the tender
The tender evaluation criteria need to be defined prior to sending out the bid document or the Request for Proposal (RFP). The thought process is important at this stage as the criteria to be used for assessing the tender needs to be communicated to the bidders. Tender Evaluation criteria should reflect the risk and the value of the contract. In the Government sector it is normal practice to provide both the


Q6. Describe any two enquiry methods.
Answer. Inquiry is an approach to teaching that involves a process of exploring the natural world that leads to asking questions and making discoveries in the search of new understandings. Inquiry is a method of approaching problems that is used by professional scientists but is helpful to anyone who scientifically addresses matters encountered in everyday life. Inquiry is based on the formation of hypotheses and theories and on the collection of relevant evidence. There is no set order to the steps involved in

Supply Chain Cost Management

Fall-2013
Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 4
SC0009–Supply Chain Cost Management-4 Credits
(Book ID: B1664)
Assignment (60 Marks)


Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.
Q1. Elucidate the measures that organizations can take to align their supply chain with that of their customers.
Answer. In today's economic environment, doing what you've always done—even if you do it very well—is no longer acceptable. Under pressure to contain costs and produce results despite challenging circumstances, you (and many other supply chain managers) must transform rather than simply improve your operation. That means adopting the philosophies, methods, and processes that will make your organization "best in class." Effective supply chain strategies are essential to the performance of most businesses. Surprisingly, many businesses, even at the top end of town, have supply chain strategies that are

Q2. Briefly discuss the eight steps of the AIM & DRIVE Process for cost management.
Answer. The word "strategy" has been defined in the Random House Dictionary to mean, "a series of strategisms". It is a series of ideas, actions and methodologies that direct a team, organization, company or supply chain toward a common, predetermined goal. A strategy is like a river. It originates with a concept or idea (like a spring). When a problem is encountered, the strategy team falls back on its pre agreed plan of action to tackle the problem, using innovation and flexibility to deal with unforeseen situations.
The Aim & Drive Process, once you have convinced yourself that there is an alternative to the slash and burn, hatchet job in reducing costs, the logical next step is to come up with a process that helps manage costs through the supply


Q3. What are the different approaches developed to assess the sustainability performance of the supply chain?
Answer. Supply chain sustainability is a business issue affecting an organization’s supply chain in terms of environmental costs, risk and social impact costs. Sustainable inputs generate sustainable products, a prerequisite for sustainable – and thus survivable – organizations. The metrics used for the measurement of sustainability (involving the sustainability of environmental, social and economic domains, both individually and in various combinations) are still evolving: they include indicators, benchmarks, audits, indexes and accounting, as well as assessment, appraisal and other reporting systems.

Q4. Explain how organizations can apply web 2.0 technology to communicate new ideas.
Answer. Web applications have undergone significant change over the last decade; ten years ago, there were no Web-sharing sites or applications, merely sites composed of static pages or ecommerce applications. Companies that had customer-facing Web sites were able to connect with Internet-savvy consumers and use their Web sites as channels to market and sell their products; corporate intranets were used mainly as places to post news and company policies. More recently, Web sites have become destinations for communities of

Q5. Explain the three ways that help customers to extract vital cost information about a particular service or product.
Answer. Information extraction (IE) is the task of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured and/or semi-structured machine-readable documents. In most of the cases this activity concerns processing human language texts by means of natural language processing (NLP). Recent activities in multimedia document processing like automatic annotation and content extraction out of images/audio/video could be seen as information extraction.


Costs Associated With Manufactured Products
As Chilton's Distribution observes, there are myriad potential costs associated with selling a product which may be

Q6. How do you develop strategic options for selected cost drivers?
Answer. Approaches to Strategy
In a for-profit company, for which competition and profitability are important, your goals will differ from those of a nonprofit or government department. Likewise, objectives for a department or team will have a different scope from objectives for your organization as a whole.
To determine your strategy, you must understand fully the internal and external environmental factors that affect you. With that understanding, you can identify your clear advantages and use these to be successful. From there,

Forecasting


The information gathered from external environmental scanning and assessment of internal strengths and weaknesses is used to predict or forecast HR supply and demand in light of organizational objectives and strategies. Forecasting uses information from the past and present to identify expected future conditions. Projections for the future are, of course, subject to error. Changes in the conditions on which the projections are based might even completely invalidate them, which is the chance forecasters take. Usually, though, experienced people are able to forecast with enough accuracy to benefit organizational long-range planning.


Approaches to forecasting human resources range from a manager’s best guess to a rigorous and complex computer simulation. Simple assumptions may be sufficient in certain instances, but complex models may be necessary for others.
It is beyond the scope of this text to discuss in detail the numerous methods of forecasting available, but a few of the more prominent ones will be highlighted.

Despite the availability of sophisticated mathematical models and techniques, forecasting is still a combination of quantitative method and subjective judg- ment. The facts must be evaluated and weighed by knowledgeable individuals, such as managers and HR experts, who use the mathematical models as a tool rather than relying on them blindly.

Forecasting Periods HR forecasting should be done over three planning periods: short range, intermediate, and long range. The most commonly used planning period is short range, usually a period of six months to one year. This level of planning is routine in many organizations because very few assumptions about the future are necessary for such short-range plans. These short-range forecasts offer the best estimates of the immediate HR needs of an organization. Intermediate and long-range forecasting are much more difficult processes. Intermediate plans usually project one to five years into the future, and long-range plans extend beyond five years.


Human Resource Forecasting Assignment

Human Resource Forecasting Assignment 

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Table 1                     Turnover
Employee Category | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |
Old Branch Supervisor | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Old Branch Tellers | 150 | 150 | 150 |
Main Office | 80 | 80 | 80 |
New Branch Supervisor | 4 | 13 | 24 |
New Branch Tellers | 15 | 48 | 90 |
Total | 289 | 331 | 384 |

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Table 1 shows the Turnover of National Bank of Pakistan in three years. In 1st ,2nd   and 3rd   year old Branch supervisor are 40, Old branch Tellers in 1st ,2nd   and 3rd   year are 150, Main office are 80 in all three years, new branch supervisor are 4 in 1st year , 13 in 2nd and 24 in the 3rd year, while New branch teller in 1st year is 15, 48 in 2nd year while 90 in the 3rd year . Total turnover in 1st year is 289, 331 in 2nd year and 384 in 3rd year. This table shows that 2nd year total turnover is > than 1st year and 3rd year total turnover is > than 1st and 2nd both. This shows that the nation bank of Pakistan has lack of facilities, reputation of bank is not well and employee satisfaction is very low because due to increase in turnover ratio. 
Table 2 Number of Employees to be hired
Employee Category | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 |
Old Branch Supervisor | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Old Branch Tellers | 110 | 110 | 110 |
Main Office | 80 | 80 | 80 |
New Branch Supervisor | 44 | 61 | 88 |
New Branch Tellers | 115 | 168 | 250 |
Total | 389 | 459 | 568 |

Table 2 shows the no of employees hired by the National Bank of Pakistan in three years. In 1st ,2nd   and 3rd   year old Branch supervisor are 40, Old branch Tellers in 1st ,2nd   and 3rd   year are 110, Main office are 80 in all three years, new branch supervisor are 44 in 1st year , 61 in 2nd and 88 in the 3rd year while New branch teller in 1st year is 115, 168 in 2nd year and 250 in the 3rd year . Total number of employees hired...

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Human Resource Forecasting Assignment

Fall-2013
Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 1
MB0043–Human Resource Management-4 Credits
(Book ID: B1626)
Assignment (60 Marks)


Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.
Q1. The success of HR plans depends on the accuracy of HR forecasts. What is the meaning of this HR forecasting? Describe the following HR forecasting techniques: (a) Index/ Trend analysis and (b) Expert forecasting.
Answer. Human resources forecasting involves projecting labor needs and the effects they’ll have on a business. An HR department forecasts both short- and long-term staffing needs based on projected sales, office growth, attrition and other factors that affect a company’s need for labor. In addition to forecasting the number and type of workers you’ll need, HR planning includes analyzing the various costs and administrative work that go along with adding workers or downsizing.
Q2. Write a brief note on: (i) Selection test and (ii) Interviews.
Answer. (i) Various Selection tests:
Achievement or Performance test: - These tests measure the applicants’ ability to do the work. Applicants is simply asked to demonstrate his ability like typing test for the job of typist of making Programme in particular computer language for the job of software development.
Intelligence test/ Aptitude test: - This test tries to measure the intelligence of the applicant. It includes verbal comprehension,



Q3. What do you mean by management development? What are its objectives and methods?
Answer. Management development is the process by which managers learn and improve their management skills. Most management development does not involve outside classes. Management development is the overall concept that describes the many ways that organizations help employees develop their personal and organizational skills, either as managers in a management job or with an eventual
Q4. Suppose you have joined as HR executive in a software company. The first task you have been assigned is to work on Career planning. What are the various career programs will you consider?
Answer. Career Programs are educational programs that combine related courses with a work component within a particular career sector. They are designed to address the goal of transition to the workplace or further education and training. Career Programs enhance the goal of career development which is one of the three goals of
Q5. Define performance review. What are the types of appraisal methods? Describe the ways to evaluate an employee individually.
Answer. Performance Appraisals is the assessment of individual’s performance in a systematic way. It is a developmental tool used for all round development of the employee and the organization. The performance is measured against such factors as job knowledge, quality and quantity of output, initiative, leadership abilities, supervision, dependability, co-operation, judgment, versatility and health. Assessment should be


Q6. Many organisations maintain a disciplinary policy or system to regulate the behaviour of the employees and deal with acts of indiscipline. Describe such various disciplinary action – penalties in business organisations.
Answer. Listing:
1. Not warning the employee at the outset of the possible consequences of the disciplinary action.
2. Not setting out the nature of the accusations clearly to the employee.
3. Not furnishing the employee with relevant evidence against him or her.
4. Not operating a system of warnings where appropriate.
5. Not allowing the employee to be accompanied

Top Qualities in Managers

A one page summary report on top qualities in managers and the various types of managers. Use management developments as In how managers are trained. Do managers have complex jobs? The managerial roles of a manager. Reference the characteristics of managers. Use APA, and cite in information resourced. 

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Saturday 25 January 2014

Criminal proceedings and Rights of Foreign Prisoners

The title has to be less than 200 characters. The abstract should be no more than 1500 characters.
Abstract should include objective of the research, thesis or hypothesis, approaches to address the thesis or hypothesis, and summary of the findings or relevant results associated with the project.

My successful leaders/ Role model

Assignment: To formally begin the project, conduct some research on successful leaders in your field and decide on one person who could serve as a role model for you. This person should:
• be widely recognized (so you can find sources of information on him or her)
• demonstrate the traits of good leadership, personal accountability and responsibility
• be someone you admire and would like to have as a mentor or role model
Then write a research proposal. A research proposal clarifies—for your instructor, your classmates, and for you—why you intend to research a specific topic, how you intend to research it, and what purpose your work will serve or outcome you hope to achieve. Though you may be required to do much more detailed proposals in later classes, this one can be completed in two paragraphs.
Paragraph 1:
• Your selected leader’s name and career field
• Your reasons for selecting this leader as your personal role model (this will become the central thesis of your whole project).
• A list of questions about this person and other topics that you hope to answer through your research.

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Paragraph 2:
• A summary of the research and information you have already found.
• An overview of your plan to complete your research and presentation.
• A list of any problems you are having or expect to have along the way.
Your proposal should begin with a heading and opening lines similar to this:

Joe Student
COLL148
Professor Jones
Course Project Proposal
My Plan for Achieving Personal Success
in the Footsteps of my Role Model, Jane Leader


I admire Jane Leader, who is a successful leader in the field of widget design. As I complete my academic program, I intend to develop the success skills and abilities that will enable me to achieve my dreams on the cutting edge of widget design. Ms. Leader is the perfect role model for me because…

Wednesday 22 January 2014

Research Design: Quantitative Research Design and Methods

Resources
Course Text: Research Design: Qualitative,Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

Chapter 8, "Quantitative Methods"Creswell guides the reader through quantitative methods and plans. Use thischapter for the Discussion.

Media:"Quantitative Methods: An Example" (12:51). Dr. George Smeaton discusses a representative quantitative research design.

Measurement of Variables
One of the important aspects of conducting quantitative research is deciding how you will measure your variables. If you are not clear about what a variable is (e.g., gender) as opposed to a value of a
variable (e.g., female, male) or the difference between an operational definition of a variable (i.e., how you will measure and code a variable) and a conceptual definition of a variable (i.e., an explanation of the construct in plain English) please see chapters 5 and 6 in Babbie (2002). If you do not know the different types of measurement reliability (e.g., test-retest, internal consistency), measurement validity (e.g., predictive, construct), or levels of measurement (i.e., nominal, ,ordinal, interval, and ratio) please see chapters 1- 3 in Walsh and Betz (2001) or chapters 1-5 in Thorndike (2005). 
 
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The first three chapters in Walsh and Betz (2001) cover 144 pages and do a good job of covering the basics of measurement including levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio), reliability (e.g., test-retest, internal consistency), validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent), types of scores (e.g., standard scores, percentiles), norms, and cultural issues. Chapters 1 - 5 of Thorndike cover 217 pages and go into more detail than Walsh and Betz. In addition, it includes other chapters on measuring attitudes and using
rating scales (Chapter 12) and instrument development (Chapter 15).

You do not have to become an expert on these topics for the assignments in this course; however, you will need to know the basics when you work on the assignments that involve quantitative research.
References
Babbie, E. (2002). The basics of social research (2nd ed.).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 
Thorndike, R.M. (2005). Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Walsh, W.B. & Betz, N.E. (2001). Tests and assessment (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Threats to Internal Validity (Shadish, Cook & Campbell, 2002


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1. Ambiguous temporal precedence.
Based on the design, unable to determine with certainty which variable occurred first or which variable caused the other. Thus, unable to conclude with certainty cause-effect relationship. Correlation of two variables does not prove causation.

2. Selection.
The procedures for selecting participants (e.g., self-selection or researcher sampling and assignment procedures) result in systematic differences across conditions (e.g., experimental-control). Thus, unable to conclude with certainty that the intervention caused the effect; could be due to way in which participants are
selected.

3. History. 
Other events occur during the course of treatment that can interfere with treatment effects, and could account for outcomes. Thus, unable to conclude with certainty that the intervention caused the effect; could be due to some other event to which the participants were exposed.

4. Maturation.
Natural changes that participants experience (e.g., grow older, get tired) during the course of the intervention could account for the outcomes. Thus, unable to conclude with certainty that the �intervention� caused the effect; could be due to the natural change/maturation of the participants.


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5. Regression artifacts. 
Participants who are at extreme ends of the measure (score higher or lower than average) are likely to regress toward the mean (scores get lower or higher, respectively) on other measures or retest on same measure. Thus, regression can be confused with treatment effect.

6. Attrition (mortality).
Refers to drop out or failure to complete the treatment/study activities. If differential drop out across groups (e.g., experimental-control) occurs, could confound the results. Thus, effects may be due to drop out rather than treatment.

7. Testing.
Experience with test/measure influences scores on retest. For example, familiarity with testing procedures, practice effects, or reactivity can influence subsequent performance on the same test.

8. Instrumentation. The measure changes over time (e.g., from pretest to posttest) thus making it difficult to determine if effects or outcomes are due to instrument vs. treatment. For example, observers change definitions of behaviors they are tracking, or the researcher alters administration of test items from pretest to posttest.

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9. Additive and interactive effects of threats to validity.Single threats interact, such that the occurrence of multiple threats has an additive effect. For example, selection can interact with history, maturation,or instrumentation.

Reference

Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D.,& Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston: Houghton- Mifflin

The assignment
Quantitative Research Design and Methods
To prepare for this Discussion: Review Chapter 8 in the course text, Research Design, and the "Quantitative Methods: Examples" media segment.

Explain how survey and experimental methods---including components, terminology, elements, statistics,
etc.are similar and different.

Determine which kinds of research questions would be served by a survey or an experimental method.

Examine the reasons why reliability and validity are important in research.

Generalize about how popular quantitative methods are in your discipline.

With these thoughts in mind:
Post, 2 3 paragraphs that compare survey strategies of inquiry with experimental strategies of inquiry.

MILL AND UTILITARIANISM

USE BOOK. JOHN STUART MILL, UTILITARIANISM 2ND EDITION BY GEORGE SHER 
( CHAPTERS 1 AND 2) ONLY AND IMMANUAEL KANT, GROUNDWORK FOR THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS HARPER PUBLISHER BY H.J. PATON

From his comments on "intuitive" ethics. It is clear that Mill believes that Kant in his major rival as a moral philosopher. In Utilitarianism he often positions himself as defending his "principle of utility" or Greatest Happiness Principle against criticisms from Kantians. Explain the central tenants of utilitarianism (including the principle of utility and utilitarian calculus) and then contrast them with the tenants and methods of the "intuitive school." How does Mill defend utilitarianism (consequential more broadly) against Kant's deontology? What does he believe is deficient in Kant's ethics? Finally, which, according to you, is better ethical system and why? Make sure to give reasons and arguments for your answer.

PLEASE MAKE IT SIMPLE AND EASY TO READ. YOU CAN BREAK ALL THE QUESTIONS INTO DIFFERENT PARAGRAPHS

WHEN IS COMES TO CHOOSING BETTER ETHICAL SYSTEM CHOOSE UTILITARIANISM AND EXPLAIN WHY?

Organizations Going Through Change

Week 3 Discussion 1 
"Organizations Going Through Change" Please respond to the following:

•    Select an organization. Present its rationale for change, identify the environmental pressures the company was or is facing, and explain how the company addressed those pressures. Evaluate the effectiveness of the leadership and management practices. 
•    Describe at least two organizational pressures faced by the organization and explain how those pressures may have impacted the change process. Then, provide a recommendation to mitigate the potential fallout of one of the pressures. Discuss how the recommendation would advance the process.

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Time Value of Money and Bond Valuation

Discussion 1: Time Value of Money (see attached to help with this discussion 1)

A. Examine the concept of time value of money in relation to corporate managers. What are two (2) specific examples that demonstrate how the time value of money can help corporate managers to make good financial decisions?
 
B. Please respond to the following: Starting with your current situation, what must you do to ensure an annual retirement income of $60,000 starting at age 65?  Make sure that you submit calculations that support the conclusions (you may use the Excel retirement calculators that are provided, online retirement calculators, or develop you own Excel solution).

Discussion 2: Bond, Bond Valuation, and Interest Rates
A. What are the pros and cons of a sinking fund from the viewpoints of both a firm and its bondholders?  If you were the CFO a firm, would you recommend a sinking fund for a new bond issue?  Why or why not?

B. * From the scenario and e-Activity, recommend two (2) bonds that you believe TFC should invest in, and provide a rationale for your recommendation

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An APA-formatted reference list/ Annotated Bibliography

Prepare the following for this part of the assignment.

An APA-formatted reference list entry for each of the eight articles that you have found.

A one-paragraph summary, following Creswell's guidelines, of each article that you have found.

A brief rationale for the selection of each item. Within each rationale, identify any gaps in the knowledge or deficiencies that justify your research and whether not the article supports or detracts from existing research.

When you go through your introduction check on the follwing:

Make sure it is brief, direct and clearly stated. Don't try to get too much inoformation in the Introduction.

EXAMPLE: The importance of this study is to . . . ."

"The purpose of this study is to . . . ."

Does the Introduction identify a specfic problem.

Is the importance of the study stated directly?

Are underlying theories established?

Are logical transitions?

Are key terms defined?

Is a brief purpose statement given that clearly is derived from the background information?

Tuesday 21 January 2014

Heritage Assessment

Assess yourself using the Heritage Assessment Tool by answering its questions. In 1,000-1,500 words discuss the usefulness of applying a heritage assessment in evaluating the needs of the whole person, summarize what you learned from the Heritage Assessment Tool.

Interview three families from different cultures. One family can be your own. Compare the differences in health traditions between these cultures. Address:

    Health maintenance
    Health protection
    Health restoration

Identify common health traditions based on your cultural heritage.

Evaluate and discuss how the families subscribe to these traditions and practices.

Prepare this assignment according the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

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International Situation

INTERNATIONAL SITUATION
Assignment Instructions: Take a recent example of an international situation you read about in the news. Briefly describe the situation and the main actors. Using the foundational theories of international relations that we have studied thus far in the course (realism, liberalism and constructivism), identify and describe which of these theories you believe explain the actors’ actions.

Explain your reasoning. Reinforce your argument by incorporating at least three of the assigned course materials. Don’t forget to include an introduction and a conclusion. Writing the midterm assignment – read instructions carefully. In university courses, assignments (or assessments) are meant to give students the opportunity to demonstrate what they have been learning in the course. Because of these objectives, it is imperative to incorporate the specifics of what you have been studying in the course into your assignments. You accomplish this by answering the question in the assignment in terms of the readings for the course. The format: an analytical essay One assignment that you will see often is the analytical essay.

The reason this style of essay is so popular within the field of IR is that it has a very practical purpose. In the practice of IR (out there in the “real world”), problem-solving is routine. As a university graduate and a critical thinker, you may be asked to look at an issue, figure out what is going on, and solve a problem. So think of an essay question as you would an assignment from your boss: “I need you to take a look at this problem and solve it for me using things from your IR toolkit. Present a well-written, concise answer to me in four pages. I need it by tomorrow morning.”

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This is how it happens out in the world – and this is what your university education is preparing you to do. The trick in presenting an effective analytical essay is in its structure. To achieve structure in the essay, you need to follow an outline that organizes your thoughts and presents the analysis in a symmetrical, logical fashion. The importance of your “answer” or thesis statement Answering the essay question is what creates a “thesis statement” – the thesis being your big idea. The answer to the question demonstrates your understanding of the overall topic and your critical analysis of the various parts of the problem. How should you proceed with the midterm assignment

1. Don’t try to write the thesis statement first. Think about the question and then come up with a list of possible reasons. This list initially may have several reasons. What you want to do is to group the reasons in a logical way – one that makes sense in terms of IR. Very often groups of reasons fall into economic, political, social, cultural, and/or military reasons in IR. If the majority of “reasons why” fall into one of those groups, then that is a good indication of your overall answer or thesis.

2. Focus on supporting your arguments. Very rarely is thee an obviously right or wrong answer. You are graded on how well you support your thesis. You want to be able to provide a sound and convincing argument.

3. Focus on the interior parts of the essay – and write the introduction and conclusion last. Sometimes the process of writing actually helps you come to a conclusion. This is a natural process and one even the best writers follow. What has to happen, though, is that your thoughts need to be pulled together in some way into that overall statement or “answer.” So write the interior paragraphs (reasons why) first and then go back to write the introduction and conclusion.

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One last thing. Remember that an analytical essay is highly-structured. That means each paragraph should look like all the others in terms of style and substance. Make sure that your introduction and conclusion are as substantial as the interior parts of the essay. Writing to the limit (four pages) is an art and something you need to learn to do. So don’t write fewer than four pages and don’t write more. You may need to write over a just a little and then edit away the extra parts to bring the essay to four pages.

Your essay should include: · an introduction which provides background, your thesis, and a preview of your main points. · three body paragraphs. Each one should include one of your main points, evidence from the readings and analysis. Do not rely too heavily on quotes. Frequently, paraphrasing is your best option. · a conclusion that ties your ideas together and discusses their significance.

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